Valentina's Biology Collection: 2

Different Types of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates – Carbohydrates are one of the major classes of the bimolecular. They are also a main source of obtaining our daily energy when it provides sugar, starch, and fibers. There are four types of different compounds in carbohydrates, which are monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharides. Apples are a good source of fiber.

· Monosaccharide – Is a simple sugar (glucose) that cannot be broken into any smaller carbohydrates. They are categorized by size according to how many carbon atoms it has. For example a component that contains only three carbon atoms is called a triodes and one with four is called tetroses and one with five is pentoses and so forth. Monosaccharides also play an important part in speeding up our metabolism.

· Disaccharides- When two monosaccharides combines and attaches to make a covalent bond, it forms a disaccharide. Lactose and sucrose are examples of a disaccharide.

· Polysaccharides- Contains ten or more monosaccharide. The complexity of polysaccharides forms human muscles and other body organs like our liver and fat. Starch is a complex carbohydrate that is found in the potato's cell walls.


Organisms in Different Kingdoms

There are six classifications that make up the kingdom, which are: Animals, Plants, Protists, Fungi, Archaebacteria, and Eubacteria. Organisms are placed into their kingdom according to the complexity of their cells, reproduction, and metabolism.

· Animals- The animal kingdom, or “Animalia” Kingdom is the largest out of six categories. The multicelled organisms are heterotrophs, so they feed off of other animals to survive. They are found in every habitable area in the world.

· Plants- The plant kingdom, or “Plantae” Kingdom is the second largest in the six categories. They are also multicell organisms but are autotrophs, so they make their own food through photosynthesis. Plants are the reason why organism can survive today because of the oxygen that they release into the Earth’s atmosphere.
· Protists- The protist kingdom or the “Protista” is unicellular, multicellular, or colonial. Protists have three different characteristics, the animal-like, plant-like, or plant and animal-like therefore they do not belong in any other kingdom. They also do not have organs. For an example, kelp belongs in the protist kingdom.

· Fungi – Fungi have split appearances. The multicellular or unicellular organism may look like a plant but it doesn’t eat like plants. Instead of using photosynthesis, the fungus has a mass of hyphae, which it uses to feed off of and absorb decaying matter. A mushrooms, mold, and mildew are all good examples of fungi.
· Archaebacteria- Because of its high endurance for heat, the Archaebacteria is one of the longest living organisms on Earth. It is commonly found in hot springs, boiling ocean floors and places without oxygen.

· Eubacteria- the Eubacteria is unicellular and lives near volcanic activities. It is also found in humans, in the form of bacteria. They get nutrients from living organisms.

Monocots vs. Dicots- are very similar due to the flowers that they produce and although they may look alike there are small characteristics that distinguish them. The monocot plant’s embryo has only one cotyledon, while the dicots have two. The pollen structure is different in that, the monocots only have one pore and the dicots have three or a “tricolpate”. The monocot also have petals that blooms in threes or six, while the dicots have petals that are four or fives. Their leaves are also different in where the monocot has leaves that grow in parallel veins while the dicots do not have a particular pattern of veins.


Organisms in different levels but are in the same food chain

A food chain is a large amount of organisms living in one habitat. A food chain starts from the producer, who makes their own food mainly from the help of photosynthesis, then a primary consumer (the next organism in the food chain) eats the producer followed by a second consumer (which is a little bit more complex organism) who eats the first consumer and who is ultimately eaten by a tertiary consumer (the highest ranking in the food chain of the area) who then tragically dies and is decomposed on the ground by decomposers. One good example is a breezy sunny day in Galveston, when the sun beams into the ocean waters and creates phytoplankton (producer) that were eaten by zooplanktons (first consumer), when a hungry red snapper (second producer) eats the zooplankton. Then a tarpon grows hungry and goes after the red snapper but as soon as it catches the snapper a small shark (tertiary) comes at its ways and devours him for lunch. When the shark eventually dies, it will be eaten by crabs (scavengers, who live off of dead organism) and later be decomposed at the bottom of the ocean floor.
Autotrophs- Autotrophs or “self-feeders” are organisms that produce their own food with the help of the sun’s energy. Take for example my grandparent's maple tree. It's has been living off of photosynthesis for the last 50+ years.
Parasitism- Is a relationship between two species either plant or animal, usually one benefitting from the other like lice on a dog. Most of the time the parasite kills it's host after a certain amount of time but on occasion, the host lives through it, like joker --->.

Endotherm- Any organism that uses heat to warm it’s body. A rabbit that has been jumping into gardens uses the temperature in his surrounding environment to generate heat.

Eukaryote- Eukaryote is an organism or cell that has a complex nucleus with chromosomes. Eukaryote contains mitochondria in organelles, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and a Golgi apparatus. A good example of eukaryotes are humans.

Animal that has a segmented body- Arthropods are animals that have joint body parts, such as lobsters, shrimps, crabs and insects like spiders, crickets and centipedes.

Flower Ovary - The base of a flower that once was the seed of the plant. It is the female organ of the flower and matures plants with fruits of their seeds inside.